Illuminating Achievement { Black American Achievements in Engineering- Courtesy of Black History Month } (1963 hits)
Uploaded on Apr 10, 2009
Profiles of Black Engineers and BEYA Award Winners.
A people that built the United States to an economic powerhouse.
One innovation at a time....
A creative and talented people.
Learn your achievements and teach another !!!!
This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. Note: this table is viewable as a timeline when clicking on the sort symbol next to 'Life'. Name Life Occupation Inventions/Accomplishments Refs Ammons, Virgie 1989– Inventor Fireplace Damper [5][6]
Amos, Harold 1918–2003 Microbiologist First African-American department chair at Harvard Medical School [7]
Alcorn, George Edward, Jr. 1940– Physicist Inventor Invented a method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer [8][9]
Andrews, James J. 1930–1998 Mathematician Put forth the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L. Curtis, still unsolved [10]
Ball, Alice Augusta 1892–1916 Chemist Extracted chaulmoogra oil for the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy). [12]
Banneker, Benjamin 1731–1806 Mathematician Astronomer Surveyor Clockmaker Author Farmer Wooden clock (1753). Assisted in survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia (1791). Authored almanac and ephemeris (1792–1797) [13]
Banyaga, Augustin 1947- Mathematician Work on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms [14]
Janet Bashen 1957– Inventor Entrepreneur Professional Consultant First African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention. The invention, LinkLine, is an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software. [15]
Bath, Patricia 1942– Ophthalmologist First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention. Inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment. [16][17][18]
Bharucha-Reid, Albert T. 1927–1985 Mathematician Statistician Probability theory and Markov chain theorist [25]
Black, Keith 1957– Neurosurgeon Brain tumor surgery and research [26][27]
Blackwell, David 1919–2010 Mathematician Statistician First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao-Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators. [28]
Blair, Henry 1807–1860 Inventor Second black inventor to issue a patent Invented early spark plug [29] [30]
Boahen, Kwabena 19xx– Bioengineer Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina [31][32]
Boone, Sarah 1832–1905 Inventor Ironing board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily [33][34][35]
Bouchet, Edward 1852-1918 Physicist First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in any subject. Received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876.
Bowman, James 1923–2011 Physician Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences. [36][37]
Boykin, Otis 1920–1982 Inventor Engineer Artificial heart pacemaker control unit. [38][39][40]
Brady, St. Elmo 1884–1966 Chemist Published three scholarly abstracts in Science and also collaborated on a paper published in Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. [41]
Branson, Herman 1914–1995 Physicist Educator Protein structure research [42][43]
Brooks, Charles 1865– ? Inventor[citation needed] Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch[citation needed]
Brooks, Phil 19xx– Inventor[citation needed] First U.S. Patent for a disposable syringe[citation needed]
Henry Brown 1832– ? Inventor Invented fire safe [44]
Burr, John Albert 18xx– ? Inventor Rotary-blade lawn mower patent [45]
Cardozo, P. William 1905–1962 Pediatrician Sickle cell anemia studies. In October 1937, he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid today. Carson, Ben 1951– Pediatric Neurosurgeon Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University First surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins [46]
Carver, George Washington 1865–1943 Botanical researcher Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the peanut [47][48][49][50]
Chappelle, Emmett 1925– Scientist and researcher Valuable contributions to several fields: medicine, biology, food science, and astrochemistry
Clark, Mamie 1914–2005 Psychologist Conducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race. Clark, Kenneth 1917–1983 Psychologist First Black president of the American Psychological Association [51]
Crosthwait, David, Jr. 1898–1976 Research engineer Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Received some 40 U.S. patents relating to HVAC systems.
Dean, Mark 1957– Computer scientist Led the team that developed the ISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertz computer processor chip. [52][53][54]
Daly, Marie Maynard 1921–2003 First black American woman with a Ph.D. in chemistry. Drew, Charles 1904–1950 Medical researcher Developed improved techniques for blood storage Easley, Annie 1933– Computer scientist Work at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics [55][56]
Ejeta, Gebisa 1950- Geneticist Won the World Food Prize in 2009 for his major contributions in the production of sorghum.
Ejigu, Kitaw 1948–2006 Systems engineer Worked for NASA as a system engineer and space research scientist [57][dead link]
Ellis, Skip (Clarence) 1943– Computer scientist First African American with a Ph.D. in Computer Science Software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC [58][59]
Ezerioha, Bisi 1972– Automotive engineer Drag racing engineer and driver Ferguson, Lloyd Noel 1918–2011 Chemist Educator Chemistry doctorate, first received (1943, University of California, Berkeley) [60][61][62]
Fryer, Roland G., Jr. 1977– Economist Social scientist Statistician Inequality studies Gates, Sylvester James 1950– Theoretical physicist Work on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory [63][64]
Goode, Sarah E. 1855–1905 Inventor Cabinet bed invention First African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States [65][66]
Gilbert, Juan E. 1969– Computer scientist Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishments Graves, Joseph L. 19xx– Evolutionary biologist [67][68][69]
Haile, Sossina M. 1966- Engineer Work on fuel cells
Harris, James A. 1932–2000 Co-discovered Rutherfordium (element 104) and Hafnium (element 105) at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory [73]
Hawkins, Walter Lincoln 1911–1992 Scientist Inventor at Bell Laboratories [74]
Hodge, John E. 1914–1996 Chemist
Holley, Kerrie 1954– Research computer scientist at IBM Co-creator of Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture, SOMA and the Service Integration Maturity Model (SIMM)
Jarvis, Erich 19xx– Neurobiologist Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies. [75][76][77]
Johnson, Isaac 18xx- ? Inventor Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage. [78]
Johnson, Lonnie 1949– Mechanical engineerNuclear engineer Inventor Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA. Holder of over 80 patents [4][79] [80][81]
Jones, Frederick McKinley 1893–1961 Inventor Invented refrigerated truck systems [82]
Julian, Percy 1899–1975 Chemist First to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements. [83][84][85][86]
Just, Ernest 1883–1941 Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute Biologist Provided basic and initial descriptions of the structure-function-property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells. [87][88][89]
Kittles, Rick 1967– Geneticist Work in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing [90][91]
Kountz, Samuel L. 1930–1981 Transplant surgeon Researcher Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery. Author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications. [92][93][94][95]
Latimer, Lewis 1848–1928 Inventor Draftsman Expert witness Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison. He became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits. [96][97][98][99]
Lawson, Jerry 1940–2011 Computer engineer Designer of Fairchild Channel F, the first programmable ROM cartridge-based video game console [8][100]
Lee, Raphael 1949– Surgeon Biomedical engineer[citation needed] Paul and Aileen Russell Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine; MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, Founder and Chairman, Avocet Polymer Technologies, Inc.; Founder and Chairman, Renacyte BioMolecular Technologies, Inc; Discovered use of surfactant copolymers as molecular chaperones to augment endogenous injury repair mechanisms of living cells. Holder of many patents covering scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, protective garments.[citation needed]
Lynk, Beebe Steven 1872-1948 Chemist Teacher at West Tennessee University Matzeliger, Jan 1852–1889 Inventor Shoe assembly Machine [101][102]
McBay, Henry 1914–1995 Chemist His discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds [103][104]
McCoy, Elijah 1844–1929 Inventor Invented a version of the automatic lubricator for steam engines. [105][106]
McLurkin, James 1972- Roboticist [107]
McWhorter, John 1965- Linguist Specializes in formation of creole languages
Montgomery, Benjamin 1819–1877 Inventor Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water Morgan, Garrett 1877–1963 Inventor Invented the gas mask [108]
Nmezi, Murphy 1955– Physician/Biostatistician Advances in Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Nriagu, Jerome 1944– Geochemist Studies toxic metals in the environment. Originator of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman Empire
Ogbu, John Uzo 1939–2003 Anthropologist Ethnic studies in education and economics [109][110]
Olukotun, Kunle 19xx– Computer scientist Early advocate and researcher of multi-core processors
Oyekan, Soni 1946– Chemical engineer
Poindexter, Hildrus 1901–1987 Bacteriologist Epidemiologist Work on the epidemiology of tropical diseases including malaria
Petters, Arlie 1964– Physicist Work on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensing
Quarterman, Lloyd Albert 1918-1982 Scientist Fluoride Chemist Manhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi Renfroe, Earl 1907–2000 Orthodontist [111][112]
Rillieux, Norbert 1806–1894 Engineer Inventor Inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator [113]
Robinson, Larry 1957– Environmental chemist Investigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor. Interim president of Florida A&M University.
Sammons, Walter 1890-1973 Inventor Patent for hot comb [114]
Sowell, Thomas 1930– Economist Social scientist Economist, social theorist and political philosopher [115][116][117][118]
Steele, Claude 1946– Psychologist Social scientist Stereotype threat studies
Stiff, Lee 1941– Mathematician President of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002 [119]
Snyder, Window 1976– Computer engineer Security engineer at Microsoft, Mozilla, and Apple
Temple, Lewis 1800–1854 Inventor, Blacksmith, Abolitionist Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head. [120]
Thomas, Vivien 1910–1985 Surgical technician Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s [121][122][123]
Turner, Charles Henry 1867–1923 Zoologist First person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color. First African-American to receive a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. [124]
Tyree, Bernadette 19xx– Biochemist[citation needed] Program Director at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases[citation needed]
Tyson, Neil deGrasse 1958– Astronomer Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences [125][126][127]
Walker, Arthur B. C., Jr. 1936–2001 Astronomer Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona [128][129][130]
Walker, C. J. 1867–1919 Inventor[citation needed] Created black cosmetic products. Washington, Warren M. 1936– Atmospheric scientist Former chair of the National Science Board [131][132][133][134]
West, James E. 1931– Acoustician Inventor Co-developed the foil electret microphone [135][136][137]
Wilkins, J. Ernest, Jr. 1923–2011 Mathematician Engineer Nuclear scientist Entered University of Chicago at age 13, PhD at 19, worked on the Manhattan Project, wrote over 100 scientific papers, helped recruit minorities into the sciences. [138][139] [140]
Williams, Daniel 1856–1931 Surgerian Performed the first successful open-heart surgery in the United States [141]
Williams, Scott W. 1943– Mathematician
Williams, Walter E. 1936– Economist Social scientist [142][143][144]
Wright, Louis T. 1891–1952 Surgeon Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans [146][147][148]
Young, Roger Arliner 1899–1964 Zoologist First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology [149][150]
See also[edit] • History of United States patent law • Lemelson–MIT Prize • NASA spinoff • National Inventors Hall of Fame • Science and technology in the United States • Technological and industrial history of the United States • Timeline of United States discoveries • Timeline of United States inventions • United States Patent and Trademark Office • United States patent law • Yankee ingenuity References[edit] Footnotes Citations This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)
1. Jump up ^ Carver, George Washington. 1916. "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31. 2. Jump up ^ Interview wp'ith CNBC's "How I Made my Millions" 3. Jump up ^ Roche, Timothy. Soaking In Success, Time magazine, December 4, 2000. 4. ^ Jump up to: a b Products Created by Independent Inventors, April 2, 2009, Inventors Digest. 5. Jump up ^ Virgie Ammons, Retrieved from About.com website February 18, 2011. 6. Jump up ^ Virgie Ammons, Retrieved from African-American Inventors website, February 18, 2011. 7. Jump up ^ "Dr. Harold Amos, 84; Mentor to Aspiring Minority Physicians". Los Angeles Times. 2003-03-08. Retrieved 2011-03-11. 8. ^ Jump up to: a b "George Edward Alcorn, Jr.". About.com. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 9. Jump up ^ "Alcorn exceled in missile research". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. February 20, 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-27. "George Edward Alcorn Jr. attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later. He attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later." 10. Jump up ^ Andrews, J. J.; Curtis, M. L. (1965), "Free groups and handlebodies", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 16 (2): 192–195, doi:10.2307/2033843, JSTOR 2033843, MR 0173241. 11. Jump up ^ Who Is L.C. Bailey?, Answers.com website. 12. Jump up ^ Mendheim, Beverly (September 2007). "Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawai`i Nei". Northwest Hawaii Times. Retrieved 20 May 2013. 13. Jump up ^ The ninth and tenth paragraphs of the "His Story" page in official website of the Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial (Retrieved 2008-08-06), the fourth paragraph in the webpage entitled "Who was Benjamin Banneker?" in official website of the Benjamin Banneker Academic High School, 800 Euclid Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20001 (Retrieved 2009-11-12), the fourth paragraph in the section entitled "BENJAMIN BANNEKER (1731–1806)" in "Benjamin Banneker" page in website of "ChickenBones: A Journal for Literary & Artistic African-American Themes" (Retrieved 2008-08-06), the third paragraph in Newbold, K., "Benjamin Banneker: A Brief Biography" in official website of The James Madison Center, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Retrieved 2008-10-23), the first paragraph in the webpage entitled "Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" in official website of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (Retrieved 2008-08-08), the fifth and sixth paragraphs in "Benjamin Banneker in website of "The Black Inventor Online Museum" by Adscape International, LLC (Retrieved 2009-02-02), An Early American Hero: Benjamin Banneker in website of SuccessMaker Enterprise by Pearson Education, Inc. (Retrieved 2009-02-09), and the 1970 book by Claude Lewis entitled Benjamin Banneker: the man who saved Washington, New York, McGraw-Hill, relate part or all of this urban legend. 14. Jump up ^ Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars 15. Jump up ^ Janet Emerson Bashen, Retrieved from About.com website March 14, 2011. 16. Jump up ^ Henderson, Susan K. (1 March 1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56065-698-2. 17. Jump up ^ Johnson Publishing Company (February 4, 2002). "Modern Black Inventors". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 101 (7): 55. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved 25 February 2011. 18. Jump up ^ Lambert, Laura (1 September 2007). Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7614-7763-1. 19. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary (2008). "Andrew Beard (1849-1921)". About.com: Inventors. Retrieved 2008-02-14. 20. Jump up ^ Earl S. Bell, Retrieved from About.com website June 06, 2011. 21. Jump up ^ Earl S. Bell, Retrieved from uspto.gov website June 06, 2011. 22. Jump up ^ Earl S. Bell, Retrieved from atlantapost.com website June 06, 2011. 23. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. Inventors: Miriam Benjamin, Retrieved from About.com website, February 17, 2011. 24. Jump up ^ University of Chicago 25. Jump up ^ Williams, Scott W. (2008). "Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid". The Mathematics Department of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved 2012-11-25. 26. Jump up ^ Keith Black; Arnold Mann (2009-03-25). Brain Surgeon: A Doctor's Inspiring Encounters with Mortality and Miracles. Grand Central Life & Style. ISBN 978-0-446-58109-7. 27. Jump up ^ Michael D. Lemonick, "The Tumor War", TIME, Heroes of Medicine special edition, Fall 1997 (retrieved May 15, 2009). 28. Jump up ^ Cattau, Daniel (July 2009). "David Blackwell 'Superstar'". Illinois Alumni (University of Illinois Alumni Association). pp. 32–34. 29. Jump up ^ Maryland's African American Heritage: Henry Blair, ThinkQuest. 30. Jump up ^ About Inventors: Henry Blair 31. Jump up ^ Kwabena Boahen, PhD, Associate Professor of Bioengineering, Stanford Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, 2013. 32. Jump up ^ IBM Seeks to Build the Computer of the Future Based on Insights from the Brain: IBM Awarded DARPA Funding for Cognitive Computing Collaboration, IBM Alden, November 20, 2008. 33. Jump up ^ Sarah Boone, The Black Inventor On-Line Museum, Accessed December 6, 2012. 34. Jump up ^ Patent US473653 - IRONING-BOARD - Google Patents 35. Jump up ^ The History Woman 36. Jump up ^ Terry, Don (July 27, 2008). "Insider has Obama's ear: What's she telling him?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 37. Jump up ^ "The Bowman Society". Pritzker Pulse. Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago. Spring 2005. Retrieved March 15, 2009. 38. Jump up ^ U.S. Department Of Energy. Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology (Biographical sketch: Otis Boykin), U.S. Department Of Energy, Office of Public Affairs, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1979, pp. 8–9, DOE/OPA-0035(79) 39. Jump up ^ Mary Bellis, "Otis Boykin", About.com Guide. 40. Jump up ^ "Inventor of Heart Stimulator Honored At Memorial Service." Dallas Morning News, March 18, 1982, p. 88. 41. Jump up ^ University of Illinois biography, University of Illinois. 42. Jump up ^ PNAS Classics – Protein Structure 43. Jump up ^ Einseberg, David. "The discovery of the alpha-helix and beta-sheet, the principal structural features of proteins" PNAS 100(20):11207-11210 (2003) [1] 44. Jump up ^ "Henry Brown". blackinventor.com. Retrieved 2010-02-06."Henry Brown". blackinventor.com. Retrieved 2010-02-06. 45. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. "John Albert Burr". About.com. Retrieved 2013-07-22. 46. Jump up ^ Health and Medical Biographies.Biography of Benjamin S. Carson. 47. Jump up ^ "Black Leonardo Book". Time Magazine. 1941-11-24. Retrieved 2008-08-10. 48. Jump up ^ Harlan, Volume 5, p. 481 49. Jump up ^ Special History Study from the National Park Service website 50. Jump up ^ The legacy of George Washington Carver-Friends & Colleagues (Henry Wallace) 51. Jump up ^ Bio. True Story, "Kenneth Bancroft Clark Biography." Accessed December 7, 2012. http://www.biography.com/people/kenneth-ba... 52. Jump up ^ McCoy, Frank (1999-12-26). "He refined the desktop PC. Now he wants to kill it". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2011-08-12. "A year later, Dean led a team that built a 1,000-megahertz chip [...]" 53. Jump up ^ Angel, Jonathan (2011-08-10). "Thirty years later, the personal computer's obsolete, IBM PC designer says". linuxfordevices.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2011-08-12. 54. Jump up ^ Dean, Mark (2011-08-12). "IBM Leads the Way in the Post-PC Era". A Smarter Planet. Retrieved 2011-08-12. "I recently traded in my PC for a tablet computer [...]" 55. Jump up ^ The Plain Dealer obituary 56. Jump up ^ Interview code OHI0026830 57. Jump up ^ African Tribune article 58. Jump up ^ Skip Ellis, Retrieved from Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora web site March 6, 2012. 59. Jump up ^ Skip Ellis, Retrieved from howstuffworks Extraordinary People website, March 6, 2012. 60. Jump up ^ "Lloyd Ferguson, a pioneering African American professor/chemist from Cal State L.A., has died", Insight News, December 28, 2011 61. Jump up ^ "Lloyd Noel Ferguson". Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists. Journal of Chemical Education. Retrieved 2011-01-17.. 62. Jump up ^ Kessler, J. H.; Kidd, J. S.; Kidd, R. A.; Morin, K. H. (1996), Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, pp. 94–99, ISBN 978-0-89774-955-8. 63. Jump up ^ "UMD PCAST announcement". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2009-04-30. 64. Jump up ^ Gates, S. James; M. T. Grisaru, M. Rocek and W. Siegel (1983). "Superspace". American Institute of Physics. 65. Jump up ^ "Sarah Goode". Inventors. The Black Inventor On-Line Museum. 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011. 66. Jump up ^ "Sarah E. Goode". Inventors. Retrieved 13 November 2011. 67. Jump up ^ Dr. Joseph L. Graves, Jr. 68. Jump up ^ Graves, Joseph L (January 1, 2002). "The Biological Case Against Race". American Outlook. Retrieved November 15, 2006. 69. Jump up ^ Joseph L. Graves, Jr., Ph.D. 70. Jump up ^ "Alumni Honored at Black Engineer Gala News and Current Events, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland". Engr.umd.edu. 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 71. Jump up ^ "Bessie Blount Griffin". www.csupomona.edu. Retrieved 2010-01-05. 72. Jump up ^ "Virginia Women in History Past Honorees". www.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2010-01-05. 73. Jump up ^ "James A. Harris". Journal of Chemical Education. Retrieved 27 May 2011. 74. Jump up ^ McMurray, Emily, ed. Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. Gale Research, Inc.: Detroit, 1995. 75. Jump up ^ Singing In The Brain, Duke Magazine, November–December 2001. 76. Jump up ^ Duke News. 77. Jump up ^ Erich Jarvis Named Howard Hughes Investigator, Duke Medicine News & Communications. Retrieved from Dukehealth.org. 78. Jump up ^ Bicycle Frame, Patent number: 634823, Filing date: April 6, 1898, Issue date: October 10, 1899, United States Patent Office. 79. Jump up ^ Soaking In Success, By Timothy Roche, December 4, 2000, TIME. 80. Jump up ^ Shooting for the Sun, By Logan Ward, October 2010, The Atlantic 81. Jump up ^ Lonni Johnson --- Thermo-Electric Generator -- articles, patent, The Rex Research Civilization Kit. 82. Jump up ^ Rebecca Goodman; Barrett J. Brunsman (2005-02-28). This Day In Ohio History. Emmis Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-57860-191-2. 83. Jump up ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entri... 84. Jump up ^ Julian, Marker, Djerassi 85. Jump up ^ "Giants of the Past: Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) A Forgotten Pioneer in Soy". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved February 18, 2012. 86. Jump up ^ "Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975)". Lipid Library. Retrieved February 18, 2012. 87. Jump up ^ Kelsey, Elizabeth. "Expansive Vision, Ahead of His Time: Dartmouth celebrates biologist E. E. Just, Class of 1907". Dartmouth Life. Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2009-01-28. 88. Jump up ^ Manning, Kenneth R. (1984). Black Apollo of science : the life of Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195034981. 89. Jump up ^ Lee, Edward (March 2006). "Ernest Everett Just". Blacfax: 15–16. 90. Jump up ^ Allen, Arthur (12 May 2000). "Flesh and blood and DNA". Salon. Retrieved 13 May 2011. 91. Jump up ^ African American Lives 2, PBS. 92. Jump up ^ - Stanford School of Medicine 93. Jump up ^ - Journal of the National Medical Association - Sept. 1978 94. Jump up ^ - Encyclopedia of Arkansas 95. Jump up ^ - New York Times - Dec. 24, 1981 96. Jump up ^ Rayvon Fouché (2003). Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, & Shelby J. Davidson. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7319-5. 97. Jump up ^ Clarke, John Henrik (1983). Ivan Van Sertima, ed. Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. Piscataway,NJ: Transaction. pp. 230–233. ISBN 978-0-87855-941-1. 98. Jump up ^ "Lewis Howard Latimer". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-06-10. 99. Jump up ^ List of 2006 NIHF inductees 100. Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (April 13, 2011). "Gerald A. Lawson, Video Game Pioneer, Dies at 70". The New York Times. 101. Jump up ^ "Jan Matzeliger". The Black Inventor Online Museum. 102. Jump up ^ "Inventor of the Week / Jan Matzeliger". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. August 2002. 103. Jump up ^ Brown, Mitchell, [www.lib.lsu.edu/lib/chem/display/henry mcbay.html “Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences,”] 1996. 104. Jump up ^ Kessler, James H., J.S. Kidd, Renee A. Kidd, and Katherine A. Morin. Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century. Oryx Press: Phoenix, AZ, 1996. 105. Jump up ^ "The not-so-real McCoy". 106. Jump up ^ "Elijah McCoy, Inventor of the Week". Lemelson-MIT Program. May 1996. Retrieved August 18, 2011. 107. Jump up ^ Article outlining McLurkin's "Innovative Lives" presentation for the Smithsonian's Lemelson Center 108. Jump up ^ African American History Program, "Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.." Accessed December 6, 2012. http://www.cpnas.org/aahp/biographies/garr... 109. Jump up ^ NY Times article 110. Jump up ^ Acting White manuscript 111. Jump up ^ Bike, William S. "Essays on Earl Renfroe" [2]. UIC College of Dentistry Press, 2001. 112. Jump up ^ Janega, James. Chicago Tribune. "Dr. Earl Renfroe Sr., 93, Pioneering Orthodontist." [3]. 113. Jump up ^ Norbert Rillieux, invention of the multiple-effect evaporator, Inventions-license.com. Accessed December 4, 2012. 114. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. "Walter Sammons". Retrieved 27 May 2011. 115. Jump up ^ "Townhall.com". Townhall.com. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 116. Jump up ^ "Townhall.com". Townhall.com. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 117. Jump up ^ Larry D. Nachman, "A Conflict of Visions, by Thomas Sowell", Commentary, March 1987 118. Jump up ^ "Thomas Sowell". Jewishworldreview.com. Retrieved 2010-03-12. 119. Jump up ^ NCTM past presidents, retrieved 2011-03-20. 120. Jump up ^ Lewis Temple, Black Inventor Online Museum. Accessed December 6, 2012. 121. Jump up ^ (1985) Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 9-13. ISBN 0-8122-7989-1. 122. Jump up ^ "Almost a Miracle". Hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2012-03-08. 123. Jump up ^ OAH Award Winners, OAH Erik Barnouw Award Winners 124. Jump up ^ *Abramson, Charles I. (2009). "A study in inspiration: Charles Henry Turner (1867-1923) and the investigation of insect behavior". Annual Review of Entomology (United States) 54: 343–59. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090502. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 18817509. 125. Jump up ^ "Symposium Awards". National Space Symposium. Retrieved October 25, 2010. 126. Jump up ^ "Neil deGrasse Tyson". The Great Courses. Retrieved June 13, 2012. 127. Jump up ^ Blum, Matt (August 5, 2011). "Cosmos Will Get a Sequel Hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson". Wired. Retrieved August 5, 2011. 128. Jump up ^ James Glanz, Arthur Walker, 64, Scientist and Mentor, Dies, The New York Times (May 9, 2001). 129. Jump up ^ Dawn Levy, Art Walker : 'favorite sun' of solar physics, Stanford Report (October 4, 2000). 130. Jump up ^ Dawn Levy, Solar physicist Art Walker dies at 64; pioneer in X-ray optics, Stanford Report (May 2, 2001). 131. Jump up ^ NCAR's Warren Washington elected chair of National Science Board May 10, 2002. 132. Jump up ^ Warren M. Washington Collection, National Center for Atmospheric Research. 133. Jump up ^ Warren Washington Receives National Science Medal, National Center for Atmospheric Research, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, October 15, 2010. 134. Jump up ^ Warren M. Washington: Senior Scientist & Head of the Climate Change Research Section, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, The National Center for Atmospheric Research, National Academy of Sciences. 135. Jump up ^ "James B. West of WSE receives Benjamin Franklin Medal : Johns Hopkins University – The Gazette". Gazette.jhu.edu. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2012-03-09. 136. Jump up ^ "Ian Moss: America's Diversity Can Provide Prosperity". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-03-09. 137. Jump up ^ "Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile". Invent.org. 1931-02-10. Retrieved 2012-03-09. 138. Jump up ^ IEEE 139. Jump up ^ University of Chicago news release 140. Jump up ^ Zerbonia, Ralph G. (contrib. by Alic, Margaret) (2005) Contemporary Black Biography, Gale Research Inc, 2005, Vol.49 (Original from the University of Michigan), Digitized Sep 17, 2008, ISBN 0-7876-6731-5, ISBN 978-0-7876-6731-3, (biography viewable via Answers.com); 141. Jump up ^ The Black Inventor On-Line Museum, "Daniel Hale Williams." Accessed December 7, 2012. http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/daniel-... 142. Jump up ^ Cato Editors (2011-03-31). "Happy Birthday Walter Williams". Cato@Liberty. 143. Jump up ^ Williams, Walter (August 25, 1997). "Capitalism and the Common Man". Retrieved March 20, 2013. 144. Jump up ^ Williams, Walter. "The Pursuit of Happiness – Economics for the Citizen". The Freeman. Retrieved December 6, 2010. 145. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. Granville T. Woods, 1856-1910. 146. Jump up ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates - Africana: Civil Rights: An A-to-Z Reference of the Movement that Changed America 147. Jump up ^ "Kenyon College". Northbysouth.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 148. Jump up ^ Monday, Oct. 29, 1934 (1934-10-29). "Medicine: Negro Fellow. Time Magazine, 29th October 1934". Time.com. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 149. Jump up ^ Merry Maisel and Laura Smart (1997). "Lifelong Struggle of a Zoologist". Women in Science: A selection of sixteen significant contributors. The San Diego Supercomputer Center. 150. Jump up ^ Young, R.A. (1924). "On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium". Science 60 (1550): 244.
